Natural Law and Legal Positivism

Natural Law and Legal Positivism In order to answer this question one must assess and consider the concepts of natural law and legal positivism. It is also important to define validity and consequently power. Equally the law needs to be seen as being valid as it adds purpose and legitimacy to the law and the legal system itself, this in turn helps to determine the notion of obedience. According to the thesis of natural law, the only way to evaluate the law is by reference to morality and ethnics. The thesis of natural law makes reference to different types of law. These consist of eternal law, divine law and natural law, all of which contain reference to God and morality. This premise upon the existence of human law. The higher principles of natural law are deemed to be legitimate and thus valid as they are believed to be linked to truth and justice. Morality is therefore seen as a good tool to measure validity under the natural law thesis because it provides an external aid for evaluation and it allows the ‘goodness’ of the law to be measured. It is clear that good law are real laws and therefore require obedience. This includes the power of the intervention of a sanction. This theory can be distinguished by the school of thought known as legal positivism. This theory is used to describe what the law actually is and premises on the idea that the higher principles identified in the natural law thesis can not be proved in reality and thus positivism looks to the human law, which by the definition of natural law could not contain validity without reference to the higher principles. Legal positivism removes the idea of morality[1] from the precise structure. Positivism is based on the concepts of rules, created by a figure in authority and containing the imposition of sanctions if the law is broken. However, the structure is held together and measured against the concept of morality, obedience and power. This in turn provides validity through the usage of the concepts of ‘rules, authority and sanctions’. All of which can be objectively measured. In terms of the classical approach to positivism, Jeremy Bentham criticised the assumptions made by the thesis of natural law and identified the ‘is/ought’ debate in order to introduce the legal ‘is’ to the moral ‘ought’. Bentham tried to create a scientific approach to the subject of law. He stated that morality and ethnics should be decided by the censor[2] whilst the action of defining the law was left to the expositor[3]. Bentham attempted to show through his theory of law that the structure was based upon a series of commands. Bentham believed that a command is an expression of an intention or wish[4] regarding the conduct of other individual’s[5]. Bentham attempted to separate morality from the law, without actually discarding morality per se. Instead Bentham says that morality plays no role in the definition of law. It is clear that the application of a scientific approach to law derives from the concept of power to impose sanction s as a matter of right. This in turn validities the structure of positivism. Bentham’s theory can be distinguished by his ‘disciple’, John Austin. Austin premised his theory on Bentham’s command theory. It is clear that Austin’s theory is more refined as he separates different types of commands within the structure. According to his work ‘The Province of Jurisprudence Determined’ Austin stated that his commands theory originated from a sovereign figure. He said ‘Positive laws, or laws strictly so called, are established directly or immediately by authors of three kinds: by monarchs, or sovereign bodies, as supreme political superiors: by men in a state of subjection, as subordinate political superiors: by subjects, as private persons, in pursuance of legal rights. But every positive law, or every law strictly so called, is a direct or circuitous command of a monarch or sovereign member†¦.to a person or persons in a state of subjection to its author[6]’. Thus, the sovereign figure is an identifia ble person that is valid through the legitimate use of force and power under the object of authority. Austin uses this notion to show how laws emanate from the identifiable individual to produce validity and in effect authority and power. In Austin’s command theory the question of why do people obey the law is posed. Austin decided that the reason people obey the law is due to the habitual role to comply from the sovereign. This is due to the perceived threat of the imposition of a sanction through the power afforded from the right of the law. Equally, according to W. D Ross in his works ‘The Right and the Good’, Ross identified the reason why people obey due to ‘the fact that its laws are potent instruments for the general good[7]’. This indicates that the law is a power based subject and as such the threat of a sanction is based upon the notion of power. This is similar to the theory of Thomas Aquinas who believed that the ultimate goal of law is to preserve peace. This again, is arguably a power based subject that is structured on the concept of means and ends. These theories can be distinguished by the works of John Rawls who in 1971 scripted a ‘Theory of Justice’ which identified a moral duty for people to obey law. This moral obligation by its nature implies a certain degree of coercion. This coercion by nature is a power that the law relies upon to enforce a sanction. However, according to Herbert L. A Hart who argued that ‘when a number of persons conduct any joint enterprise according to rules and restrict liberty, those who have submitted to these restrictions when required have a right to a similar submission from those who have been benefited by their submission’. Thus Hart identifies obedience as an internal and external source, his emphasis in his ‘principle of fair play’ that there are both private and official concepts of obedience. This by its imposition inserts power as the primary course of legal authority. However, Hart criticised the imposition of forced compliance as it is an unaccep table form of compliance. According to Hart, the positivist theory requires the free choice of an individual to comply. However, obedience as a matter of course is a power orientated tool. Obedience is a tool by which the law can be judged as valid, however the fear of an imposed sanction is by its nature power based. In terms of modern positivist thought, Hans Kelsen indicated that law is based upon a set of ‘norms’. He stated in his works ‘The Pure Theory of Law[8]’ that ‘all norms whose validity can be traced back to one and the same basic norm constitute a system of norms, a normative order. The basic norm is the common source for the validity of all norms that belong to the same order- it is their reason of validity’. These norms are structured upon a hierarchy of components, which are small and specific in content at the bottom. These raise up in general application to become basic components. These only exist due to the validity of the ‘grundnorm’. This is the norm that occupies the apex of the hierarchy and validities the lower norms. This form of validity premises, due to its nature, on the legitimate use of force and thus power in the concept of authority. Again, this use of power is unjustifiable by Hart. According to Hart, in his main work, ‘The Concept of Law’, he criticised aspects of Austin’s command thesis, namely the idea that the sovereign figure being identifiable, the idea that the law is a series of commands and the emphasis on the internal and external concepts. In Hart’s theory two distinctive types of rules, the primary rules, which limit or expand the liberty of an individual, and the secondary rules, which concern themselves with explaining the other rules. These secondary rules can be divided into the power to create legislation, secondly, the power to create adjudication, and finally the rule of recognition, which by definition is not power based, rather it is a set of conditions that a norm must follow in order to be valid. This theory of law was subsequently criticised by Ronald Dworkin. Dworkin preferred to look at law as a function of a social convention and in effect a contract based on a system of rules and ‘non-rule standards’. Thus, when a court has a ‘hard case’ to rule upon they use both political and moral principles to interpret and apply the law, thus Dworkin argued that a separate ethos of law and morality cannot in reality exist. Thus, a social convention by nature is based upon the imposition of power through the perceived threat of a sanction. Dworkin used the social convention to demonstrate a rule of compliance through the imposition of power and authority in the law. In conclusion, the nature of the differing schools of thought within jurisprudence are centralised around the concept of power. In natural law this premised upon the idea of God and morality through the nature and justifications of the existence of God and morality, and the effect of being judged by these institutions. In legal positivism the application of power is through the structure of law being delivered through an authoritative figure and containing sanctions if the enacted law is broken. The concept of power is therefore centralised in both schools of thought. Power is the main basis that validities the law and is the main working purpose of the law. However, in both schools of thought power is defined slightly differently and arguable is camouflaged by the terms of the good of natural law and the basic norm. The rule of recognition, although not a power orientated component, it is most certainly in existence due to the concept of power imposed by the other rules and regulati ons. Footnotes [1] Morality in itself cannot be measured. Legal positivism asks why a tool that is imprecise and abstract should be used to measure something that should be precise. [2] ‘Ought’ [3] ‘Is’ [4] Known as a volition. [5] ‘What a Law is’, UC 1xix, 70-71; OLG 1. [6] The Province of Jurisprudence Determined. [7] Circa 1930, page 27. [8] Kelsen believed that ‘The pure theory of law is a theory of positive law. As a theory it is exclusively concerned with the accurate definition of its subject matter. It endeavours to answer the question, what is law? But not the question, what ought it to be? It is a science and not a politics of law’. Pure Theory of Law (1934-1935) from volumes 50-51 LQR.

Stomp the Yard Review

Last night I watched one of the most unforgetable drama and dance movie; Stomp the Yard. The movie was about a young man called DJ Williams who is in a dance crew called the â€Å"Goon Squad† with his brother Duron and other friends. They were battling for a big deal of money and beat the home crew. The home crew responds by attacking the Goon Squad after the battle. Duron saves his older brother from getting beat up but ends up getting killed by a gun shot.DJ Williams gets arrested and ends up living with his aunt Jackie and Uncle Nate in Atlanta, Georgia. He is sent to attend Truth University where he meets April Palmer, a student, who eventually becomes his lover. Several fights occur throught out the movie between April's boyfriend and DJ. Eventually April goes with DJ and leaves Grant, her boyfriend which angers her father, the head of the university. During his stay at Truth University DJ gets introduced to a new dance called Steppin'.DJ then teaches his new crew some of his old krumping moves back from Los Angeles. They combined the two dance coreographies which made them win their final round in the National Steppin' Competition. I really enjoyed this movie and the dance moves were extremely extraordinary and exotic. The cast was also something I enjoyed about the movie. There were famous stars acting in the movie such as Ne-Yo, Columbus Short, Megan Good, Brian White and Chris Brown. I strongly recommend anyone to watch this movie. You will not regret watching it!

The motional behaviour of teachers in the classroom

This essay is chiefly related with the methodological analysis portion of my thesis. Particularly, which method I will follow in order to garner my informations. In this paper, foremost of all, I will mention the rubric, the purpose and the research inquiries of my survey. These are critical elements to understand person the general subject. Then, I will compose in some words the grounds, for which I chose this issue and after that the method, which I will utilize and follow. My method is the interviews, which belongs to qualitative research. Thus, I will advert what is the qualitative research and which are its advantages in pattern. A small mention will go in the instance survey, which is straight related with the qualitative research. After this preliminary information, I will develop my basic methodological analysis, the interviews. The definition will be given and for which grounds are good, utile and helpful to utilize this technique. In the 2nd portion of this essay the basic issue is the pilot survey. How is defined this significance and which are the chief advantages of this survey. I will besides advert why I used the pilot survey and how it helped me in my chief research. In the terminal of the essay, I will mention my interview inquiries and what alterations and amendments I did after the pilot survey with the purpose to be more successfully my research. All this paper has as a end to steer and assist me with the 2nd portion of my thesis, the methodological analysis portion. The rubric of my thesis is â€Å" The motional behavior of instructors in the schoolroom and how this impacts upon students † . I think that it is a really of import and singular issue for the educational process and educational advancement. This research will be carried out in Greece and more specifically in a specific school in Athens. I think that in my state, the emotional behavior of instructors and the psychological science of kids during the lesson is a subject, which provokes a large involvement to the instructors, the pupils, the parents and to the society in general. This has a direct relation with the students and strongly affects the public presentation and the advancement of kids in the school. I as a high school teacher am interested in the emotional behavior of instructors towards pupils. Maybe it is non a really popular subject but I consider that there are many interesting facets, which would be good to be investigated. This may assist the instructors to be im proved and the kids to hold a better public presentation and advancement in the educational procedure. Therefore, this is a basic factor, for which I chose this rubric in footings of class with the deficiency of research in Greece in conformity with the above issue. The purpose of my research is to derive an apprehension of behavior in the schoolroom in Greece. Through this survey I have purpose to reply some research inquiries, which are related with my issue. The first is: How of import do instructors comprehend emotion to be within learning and larning? And the 2nd is: What types of affectional behavior aid or impede instruction and acquisition? In order to garner all the necessary and utile information for my survey, I decided to utilize the method of interview. I will take interviews from six high school instructors from one school of Athens. The instructors will be from different countries for illustration: philologues, mathematicians, physicists and chemists in order to hold a better and a more dependable consequence. The first measure for the interviews was the consent of the schoolmaster of school and after that the consent of teachers- participants. Of class, I have every bit purpose to keep all the ethical issues such as the confidentiality, the namelessness and the right to retreat. The above steps are necessary for a right interview. Nowadays, one can transport out a research, utilizing different techniques, which are divided into two classs: the quantitative and the qualitative methodological analysis. In my thesis as I have above mentioned I will utilize interviews, which belong to qualitative research method with the method of observation and the focal point group. ‘Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general, scientific research consists of an probe that: seeks replies to a inquiry, consistently uses a predefined set of processs to reply the inquiry, collects grounds, produces findings that were non determined in progress and produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the survey ‘ ( Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector ‘s Field Guide, undated:2 ) . This type of research is really effectual in order to garner some information about the behavior, the sentiments and the attitudes. Furthermore, as Wimmer and Dominick ( 1997:84 ) refer ence that the most of import in the qualitative research is the deepness of the informations and non the comprehensiveness of the informations. Harmonizing to Colorado State University ( 1993- 2011 ) the ‘case survey refers to the aggregation and presentation of elaborate information about a peculiar participant or little group, often including the histories of topics themselves. A signifier of qualitative descriptive research, the instance survey looks intensely at an person or little participant pool, pulling decisions merely about that participant or group and merely in that specific context ‘ . Case survey, as Feagin, Orum and Sjoberg ( 1991 ) refers, is considered an ideal methodological analysis. This survey is used for assorted researches, which are related with sociological surveies and more specifically with the instruction. The instance survey is a really good method and beginning about the subjects of the behavior and investigates infrequent phenomena. In add-on, it is really utile to near theoretical premises and it gives you an chance for invention. At last, it is a good solution for the basic group of psychological science, Eisenhardt ( 1989:536- 537 ) high spots. Frey and Oishi ( 1995:1 ) refers that the definition of interview is ‘a purposeful conversation in which one individual asks prepared inquiries ( interviewer ) and another replies them ( respondent ) ‘ . Trochim ( 2006:1 ) high spots that interviews are the most ambitious and interesting signifiers of happening information. The most appropriate manner for the informations aggregation is a personal interview which enables us to roll up our replies personally and follow our inquiries. As Oakley ( 1981:32 ) underscores that a individual ‘s thoughts and positions are more freely expressed and sometimes leting the interviews to inquire farther inquiries depending to the replies or sometimes the modulation of the reply. Interviews are as a conversation between two people with the purpose to carry through the purposes of the research, Best ( 2010:2 ) . In order for an interview to be successful it must be in signifier of friendly conversation but in the interim give all th e needed information needed, Goode and Hatt ( 1952:191 ) supports. ‘The motive of successful interviewing is ‘be friendly but non excessively friendly † ( Oakley, 1981:33 ) . Besides, all the research workers want to garner dependable findings but necessary status for this is the respondents to be sincere and give full replies in the inquiries. If it is non go on this, so there is large job the results to be misrepresented, Best ( 2010 ) references. Harmonizing to Evaluation toolkit ( 2006 ) interviews as method are particularly utile. First of all through this method everyone has the chance to look into different subjects in deepness. Besides, the research workers can understand how the participants think, feel and what is their sentiment for the specific issue. In add-on, interviews help the participants to experience more comfy about the sensitive subjects and of class add a human dimension to impersonal informations. Furthermore, with this method one can garner more information and inside informations about the personal feelings and perceptual experiences of the participants and the inquiries can go more elaborate. There is a high proportion of credence and the words of the participants are recorded word by word. Furthermore, another important advantage is that the inquiries can be made clearer and more specific because the conversation is face to face. The same can go on for the replies if they are considered that their replies are lacking. Similar state of affairs can go on when it is necessary to go elucidation about the context of the inquiries as for illustration when pupils have English as 2nd linguistic communication. Finally, in this method each participant is entirely showing his/ her sentiment and there is no danger to be affected by the other participants. Similar position is supported by the British Educational Research Association ( BERA ) ( 2006- 2011 ) , which think that the method of interview is the best manner to cognize whatever you want, to garner all the informations and in general BERA consider that the above method is the most effectual manner for the different positions and sentiments of people. The inquiries in this instance are the same and there is the chance to reiterate the interview and analyze a big figure of people rapidly and easy. Another basic ground, for which it is good to utilize this method, is the formal relationship between the research worker and the interviewee. The seconds know really good what the number ones want from them. Consequently, via an interview there is no possibility to be uncomplete or to be obscure the replies. This may go on because each research worker guides the conversation without of class impacting them ( Sociological Research Skills, dateless: 1- 2 ) . Harmonizing to the Association for Qualitative Research ( AQR ) ( undated ) the pilot survey is ‘a little survey conducted in progress of a planned undertaking, specifically to prove facets of the research design ( such as stimulus stuff ) and to let necessary accommodation before concluding committedness to the design ‘ . The pilot survey is a little experiment, which designed to prove the informations aggregation and has as purpose the betterment and the effectivity of the quality. It is normally less than the chief research and accordingly can supply limited information and inside informations as Ruxton and Colegrave ( 2006 ) underscores. The pilot survey is particularly utile for the behavior of one research and it has a batch of advantages. A important advantage of this survey is that it can give progress warning about where the chief research could neglect. Furthermore, it can assist you to gain if the methodological analysis of the research is appropriate for garnering all the information or if it is excessively complicated. Some other advantages are that you can measure if the technique, which will utilize is effectual. How many possibilities there are in order to be successful the research and how much you can near your subject. You can plan protocol and so to measure if this protocol is execu table. You besides have the possibility to cognize the beginnings, which are needed for this survey as for illustration the staff or the finance. Therefore, the research worker assesses the techniques of the informations aggregation and possible jobs in the chief research. Another dramatic plus is the aggregation of preliminary informations, which will be really utile for the chief research. This is so helpful because the research worker obtain as many elements for the research procedure. Finally, in the instance of funding the relevant organic structures are really of import to cognize if the research squad have the appropriate abilities, deserving support and can be supported by these organic structures. In some words, the significance of the pilot survey, as De Vaus ( 1993:54 ) high spots, is ‘Do non take the hazard. Pilot test first ‘ . For these grounds I did pilot survey before my research. First of all, I had written some inquiries, which I applied to two other people except from the six basic participants. Of class, these two people were high school instructors and are direct related with the instruction and the educational procedure. The inquiries of my interviews are particularly related with the psychological science, the emotional behavior of instructors and the relationship between instructors and pupils. After the pilot survey, I made some alterations and amendments in order to go more comprehendible and apprehensible. In peculiar, the first inquiry is for the instruction background of instructors. How long have you been learning and where did you develop. Another inquiry is if you study psychological science as portion of your undergraduate grade. Then, what is the relationship between instructors and pupils. Is it distant or friendly? What is your learning manner? Is it rigorous, relaxed or friendly? The following has relation with the emotional behavior of instructors and the public presentation of pupils. Is it better to demo emotion or non? In what ways? Do you believe that demoing emotion can do instruction and larning more effectual? Do you believe that you would hold been benefited from holding a great cognition of psychological science in your learning preparation and why. For illustration, in the first agenda the inquiry about the emotional behavior of instructors was perfectly indistinct and the interviewees could non reply. This understood it because the participants did long clip to answer and they looked me with admiration. In order to reply, they asked me more elucidative inquiries and after this process were ready to get down. The same happened with the inquiry about the psychological science. In the first program the issue was if they considered of import the psychological science in instruction. In this instance, the inquiry was really obscure and general and I had to go more specific in order to steer the participants. On the other manus, during the pilot survey, I asked the two instructors for their teaching manner during the lesson in the schoolroom. Hearing their replies, I comprehended that they referred besides in their relationship with their pupils. Therefore, I decided to add this inquiry in my interview agenda. Finally, after the pilot survey I looked once more my inquiries really careful for troubles and jobs and I tried to do them clear every bit more as possible. More specifically, this process helps me really much to understand and to gain different jobs about my inquiries. In peculiar, I found in some points that my inquiries were equivocal and tenebrific. For illustration, the respondents do non grok really clear what I precisely mean and as a consequence there is confusion in the replies consequently. It is really hard to get down the methodological analysis portion of one research without making pilot survey. Here, the participants are active members, single personalities and there are many possibilities, each individual to grok the inquiry with different manner. Therefore, each research worker should be really careful ; otherwise the research will non hold the expected result and its consequence will be undependably. Except from this, treating the information from the replies, which they gave me, I had the chance to believe about the other facets of my issue and therefore added new inquiries in the first agenda. All this process, decide dly, had positive impact on the informations aggregation because it helped me to cover the subject every bit more as possible. Furthermore, via this survey, I managed to larn more things about this subject and I was to the full prepared for the following measure.DecisionTo sum it up, the basic point of this paper is the technique of interviews, the method aggregation of informations which support to the qualitative methodological analysis, every bit good as the pilot survey. The most of import of this essay is that the interview is one of the best methods in order to roll up some information for a research. In general it is really utile while the communicating is friendlier in comparing with the other methods and the participant can freely expressed his/ her sentiment. In add-on, you have the opportunity to explicate and clear up the inquiries because the interview is face to face. On the other manus, the 2nd large subject is the pilot survey. It is besides helpful and utile but thi s takes portion before the chief research. This process helped me really much to do my inquiries really clear and to better my interview agenda. After my experience, I realised that the pilot survey should be compulsory to carry on a successful research every bit good as has perfectly positive impact on its development. The alterations, the amendments and the augmentation some inquiries seem to be important elements for dependable findings. It is doubtless that the results of my probe after the pilot survey are more valid than earlier. It is true that the methodological analysis portion may be the most hard but besides the most indispensable component. It is the point, in which 1 ought to give a batch of attending because it is the nucleus and the cardinal portion of each research. hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/aeo9702.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.evalued.bcu.ac.uk/tutorial/4c.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bera.ac.uk/data-collection-interviews-in-research/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sociology.org.uk/methsi.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU35.pdf Ruxton GD & A ; Colegrave N ( 2006 ) Experimental Design for the Life Sciences ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford: Oxford University Press. hypertext transfer protocol: //writing.colostate.edu/index.cfm Best, S. ( 2010 ) ‘Course Materials: Interviews: Supporting Materials ‘ , Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //blackboard.manchester.ac.uk/webct/urw/lc5116011.tp0/cobalt MainFrame.dowebct, Last Accessed: 5 May 2011

Athena And Gender Roles During The Odyssey - 1776 Words

Allen Professor T. Carlisle English 212-044 October 05,2017 Research paper intro and thesis and work cited Athena and Gender Roles in the Odyssey The expectations of gender roles had a great impact on women in classical Greek society. In Ancient Greece, women were banned from entering the battlefield because warfare was seen more suitable for men, it is where they would show their strengths, physical courage and power. Women had no power or say as far as giving orders, their role was to stand behind their men. Homer shows that mortal men and women had exact roles to follow and were treated as such, it is stated that there is a strict line between masculine and feminine and that mixing gender roles was socially unaccepted in the time of†¦show more content†¦But in the Odyssey, on the other hand they were everywhere and have major roles in the action; this allows for a clearer conception of gender roles to be developed than would have been possible from Iliad† (Whittaker 30). In the poem the roles of males and females is further explored. Athena demonstrates the most important role of all the characters in â€Å"The Odyssey† which exemplifies that without her dominant role of both male and female, Odysseus would not have made it safely on his journey back home. Whittaker states â€Å"The warlike qualities of Odysseus are emphasized by Athena when disguised as a mentes, she first comes to Ithaca in order to take Telemakhos in hand† (Whittaker 30). There were other characters that have stepped outside the boundaries of their female roles, Adromakhe and Penelope to name a few. I think it is safe to say that as I read the poems and the sources that I have gathered, I can conclude that the roles of males and females were recognized and were defined so that certain tasks were considered to be male only while others were of females. For example, Whittaker states â€Å"in the Odyssey, both men and women are shown working, but the Homeric household can be described as a segregation rather than joint household; that is to say that men and women have separateShow MoreRelatedFemale Characters Of Women During The Odyssey By F. Scott Fitzgerald1499 Words   |  6 Pagessociety today, women were oppressed to a much greater extent in earlier periods of human history. During the time Homer transcribed The Odyssey, women were not even allowed to participate in the theatrical performances; male actors played the female characters. Despite these conditions, female characters are very prevalent in the epic, and many of them even exert their independence outside of traditional gender norms at the time. At the same time, however, these women still exhibit a level of subservienceRead More Penelope, Clytaemestra, Athena, and Helen of Homer’s Odyssey1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ideal Women of Homer’s Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Greek society treated women as secondary citizens. 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There are many aspects about Greek life and culture that can be observed throughout The Odyssey. Greek life and culture can consist of gender roles, religion, and social expectancies. There are some characteristics that can be seen to be common during this time frame. SomeRead More Homers Odyssey and Dr. Seuss’ Youre Only Old Once Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesHomers Odyssey and Dr. Seuss’ Youre Only Old Once      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What animal walks on all fours in the morning, on two legs at noon, and on three legs at night? The famous riddle of the sphinx that has been pondered for many years; it is a universal issue that affects all people of every nationality, ethnicity, religion, or geographic area. We, ourselves, are the answer to this puzzle and yet we fight this explanation with every tool possible. We avoid it, refuse to admit it, read about it, jokeRead MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. The two examine the worth of cunning over brute strength, the dangers of temptation and the role of women in their respective time periods. Despite having extremely similar central ideas, the tec hniques employed byRead MoreThe Odyssey, Men And Women Experienced Different Degrees Of Power1440 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Odyssey, men and women experienced different degrees of power. Gender heavily influenced the actions the characters committed to and the roles available to them in Ithaca. Men proudly served in combative roles to engage in serious and informational moments. Their presence was crucial to protect and promote courage, loyalty, civilization, and the legacy of their society. Meanwhile, women primarily assisted men in accomplishing their goals. In this work, men were heroes and the women were simplyRead More Women and Deception in Homers Odyssey Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesWomen and Deception in the Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚   As Agamemnon tells Odysseus, â€Å"Let it be a warning even to you. Indulge a woman never, and never tell her all you know. Some things a man may tell, some he should cover up† (Book XI   199).   This is not news to Odysseus, who treats all women with caution ever since he was betrayed by his wife Helen, who acted in a way that defiled all womankind. Agamemnon did not come to this realization all by himself, however; his statement represents the common sentimentRead MoreWomen in Greece2882 Words   |  12 PagesThe roles and status of women in ancient Greece are hard to asses since there is very little evidence from that period written or illustrated from a women’s perspective. Most literature and art from ancient Greece comes from men, thus making it hard to evaluate exactly what it was like to live has a women in those times. Sarah Pomeroy states in Goddesses, whores, wives and salves: women in classical antiquity the study of women in ancient liter ature is the study of mens views of women and cannot